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History of India
History of India
Dating
back at least 5000 years, civilization in India has been a rich and complicated
mix of peoples and religions. The history of India begins with Harappa and Mohenjodaro,
which were ancient Indian cities that existed between 3000 and 1500 BC. Excavated
remains suggest that these cities were well planned with brick structures, wide
streets, and underground water systems. Many copper, bronze, and pottery items
were recovered as well as gold and silver jewelry. Seals with writing on them
were also found but archeologists could not interpret these writings. The earliest
urban civilization in the history of India therefore remains partly a mystery
to us.
Brahminism, Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism all developed here in a series
of kingdoms and empires. The Gupta dynasty ruled over north India, during
a golden age of about two hundred years (320-544 A.D). In the 600s, the Indus
River Valley was invaded by Arabs, who brought Islam with them, and it took
hold in northern India, leading to many changes in the future course of the
history of India.
The Sultanate of Delhi was established in 1206, starting a period in the
history of India when the ruler from the throne at Delhi was considered very
important. The Sultanate managed to withstand repeated Mongol invasions and
eventually succeeded in bringing together nearly all of India (with the exception
of some of the southern states). But the Sultanate of Delhi was weakened by
the stresses of internal rebellion, particularly when combined with the attack
of Timur Leng (Tamerlane) in 1398. In 1526, Babur established the Mughal Empire,
whose culture thrived under Akbar the Great. Threats to the Mughal Empire
from Maratha and Rajput forces were compounded by the encroaching interests
of the European powers, who came to India after Vasco de Gama discovered a
sea route to India in 1498. This discovery opened another chapter in the history
of India.
British
rule in India began in the AD 1700s. Foreign domination engendered Indian nationalism,
which eventually led to India winning its independence in 1947, and the beginning
of the history of India as a democratic and independent nation. Split from Pakistan
at independence, India struggled with its Muslim neighbor over border differences
and Hindu-Muslim relations. India and Pakistan still conflict over the Jammu
and Kashmir region, parts of which are also occupied by China. The history of
India reflects its the regional diversity, cultural heritage and the unifying
forces that have made India the secular and pluralistic nation that it is today.
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